| |
|
|
OTHER EUROPEAN |
BULGARIA |
75 338 |
59 800 |
19 653 |
-20.6 |
-67.1 |
Czechoslovakia |
10 727 |
9 873 |
5 764 |
-8.0 |
-41.6 |
HUNGARY |
41 552 |
44 070 |
37 486 |
6.1 |
-14.9 |
POLAND |
17 246 |
46 301 |
88 339 |
168.5 |
90.8 |
ROMANIA |
16 545 |
20 231 |
12 993 |
22.3 |
-35.8 |
USSR |
17 542 |
15 302 |
11 711 |
-12.3 |
-23.5 |
YUGOSLAVIA |
60 315 |
179 905 |
336 473 |
198.0 |
103.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
239 175 |
375 282 |
542 419 |
56.9 |
44.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
MIDDLE EAST |
|
|
|
|
|
IRAQ |
8 423 |
8 162 |
8 674 |
-3.1 |
6.3 |
KUWAIT |
1 720 |
9 264 |
14 665 |
438.6 |
58.3 |
LIBYA |
3 719 |
34 225 |
39 360 |
820.3 |
15.0 |
LEBANON |
13 158 |
13 647 |
11 536 |
3.7 |
-15.5 |
EGYPT |
5 655 |
21 357 |
21 152 |
277.7 |
-1.0 |
SYRIA |
98 831 |
94 146 |
53 756 |
-4.7 |
-42.9 |
SAUDI ARABIA |
8 524 |
38 981 |
40 067 |
357.3 |
2.8 |
JORDAN |
29.329 |
32 422 |
25 041 |
10.6 |
-22.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
169 359 |
252 204 |
214 251 |
48.9 |
-15.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
SOUTHERN ASIA |
|
|
|
|
|
IRAN |
36 499 |
175 454 |
353 731 |
380.7 |
101.6 |
PAKISTAN |
10 656 |
13 038 |
9 565 |
22.4 |
-26.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
47 155 |
188 492 |
363 296 |
299.7 |
92.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
ISLAMIC |
|
|
|
|
|
COUNTRIES |
216 514 |
440 696 |
577 547 |
103.6 |
31.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
LATIN AMERICA |
14 932 |
15 496 |
15 242 |
3.8 |
-1.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
OTHERS |
181 683 |
141 622 |
132 102 |
-22.1 |
-6.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
GRAND TOTAL |
1 625 099 |
2 117 094 |
2 614 924 |
30.3 |
23.5 |
Transport
Turkey is a large country, physically divided by the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara and the Dardanelles, with as uneven,
mountainous terrain, which has made the development of a land system of transport policy gave priority to the construction
of a railway system that linked Ankara with inland regional centres. But after 1950, the emphasis shifted to the development
of the road and motorway network.
Esenboga Terminal, Ankara.
Roads
In the period 1950 - 82 the length of all surfaced state highways and provincial roads increased from 24,400 km to,
although only 7,000 km have been added since 1970. Over the same period the number of motor vehicles increased from 31,000
( 1970 ) to 1,200,000 ( 1982 ) representing a rise in vehicles per km of road from 1.3 to 6.3 to 21.8.
Traffic density has also increased enormously in the last decade, particularly with the growth of TIR transit traffic, which constituted
only, 10,000 vehicle journeys in 1972 but over 200,000 in 1983.
In 1982 alone, transit freight revenues increased by 84 per cent to reach $ 259 million from $ 141 million in 1981.
Road transport is now the most important transport mode for freight and passenger traffic, despite the rise in fuel prices since 1973
and it can be expected to continue to play a dominant role. The government's reform of the transport system, however, is intended
to increase the relative importance of shipping and rail. Currently about 72 per cent of inter-city tonnage goes by road, 16 per cent
by sea, and 10 per cent by rail, but by 1993 it is planned that roads will take 36 per cent, shipping 32 per cent and railways
27 per cent.
Rail
The Turkish State Railway has hardly grown since 1950. It has just over 8,100 km of track. Because of the rugged terrain the
rail routes are indirect and the distances are generally greater than with the more recently constructed highway system. The network
links the main inland centres but this does not conform with the pattern of population not the main flows of economic activity. In the
last 30 years track maintenance and improvement have both been neglected. In 1982 only 204 km ( 2.5 per cent ) was double track
and electrified.
As a consequence of this neglect derailments increased more than threefold between 1975 and 1983, and delays and speed reductions
are frequent. Although passenger-kilometres increased from 4.7 billion in 1975 to 5.4 billion in 1982, freight- ton kilometres and goods
traffic both declined over the period as rail lost out to road transport. The financial deficits of the railway have progressively worsened
over the last 20 years, reaching a huge TL 33.6 billion in 1982. |
|
|
Communications
Improvements in social overhead capital in the form of communications facilities, like transportation, are recognised as a necessary, although not sufficient, precondition for economic development. In the period 1975 to 1982 the number of local telephone calls made increased fourfold and international calls increased by a factor of 11, whereas investment in telecommunications was modest and the system became overworked and subject to delay. In 1980 it has been estimated that there were something like 10,000 public sector
projects outstanding and the completion date for some stretched into the next century.
Since 1980 the policy has been to reduce the number of projets in the public sector and to concentrate on infrastructure investment.
Shipping
Turkey operates five principal ports; Istanbul, Izmir, Mersin, Iskenderun and Izmit, but another four ports are also significant for
international trade: Trabzon, Derince, Zonguldak and Ereğli. In addition there are many minor ports along the 8,000 km coastline.
Port traffic has increased considerably in recent years particularly with the growth of international trade. Between 1975 and 1982
the number of international ships entering Turkish, ports increased from
7,347 to 11,655 and net tonnage more than double from 19.0 million tons. Coastal ( domestic ) shipping also increased over that
period, although not to the
same extent, with the number of vessels entering port rising from 18,743 to 20,310 and net tonnage from 15.9 to 17.1 million tons.
Air
There are two international airports in Turkey at Istanbul and Ankara, although some international traffic goes elsewhere, and
18 other airports for domestic traffic.
In 1982 there were 23,447 scheduled services operating ( 22 per cent ferew than 1975 ), with 30 per cent of them international flights.
Aircraft journeys in 1982 numbered 88,000
( 31 per cent were international ) and were down from over 100,000 in 1975. The two major airports along with Izmir handle about 85 per
cent of all aircraft journeys, with Yeşilköy
at Istanbul accounting for 48 per cent of the total and 70 per cent of international flights.
Although there has been a 22 per cent increase in air freight traffic since 1975, it still only accounts for less than 1.5 per cent of all
freight. Before the oil price rise of
1973 - 74 it was planned that air freight would take a major share in the market, but this had to be scaled down as it became uncompetitive.
The present plan is to allocate TL 232
billion by 1993 to raise freight's share to 4.3 per cent.
Assessment of the transport programme
The basic transport infrastructure, apart from roads, was largely neglected for many years in Turkey. This did not matter too much
during the import substitution era when domestic industry was protected from foreign competition and exports to foreign trade, an
extensive, efficient and speedy transport system linking Turkey with Europe and Middle East is vital.
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