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EDUCATION AND CULTURE / Music / Libraries

TURKISH FOR FOREIGNERS

THE TURKS ECONOMY AND FOREIGN TRADE

EDUCATION AND CULTURE

SEA, SUN, SAND AND HISTORY

REGIONS OF TURKEY

ISTANBUL / GENERAL INFORMATION

Music

   Turkey, being a rich source of music has developed this art form in two veins :
Turkish classical and Turkish folk music. After 1826, with the influence of western music, modern Turkish music was added,

Tasavvuf Music

   a- Traditional Music :
   The Turkish nation has national and traditional kinds of music. Traditional Turkish Music is one of the strongest and oldest elements of our national culture as it has a deep influence on all classes of society. Turks brought this king of music aith them from asia. It kept its original form, despite the various influences on it when it passed through Anatolia. It was further developed and influenced generations and the surrounding cultures.
   Traditional Music with a national Origin can be dealt with in two main parts :

   I- The "Art" Music of the intellecttual:
   Classical Turkish Music, Mystic Music, Mosque Music and Modern Turkish Music are the main kinds of traditional music intellecttuals have dealt with:
    Classical Turkish Music: The term "classical" when used in reference to Turkish music has two meanings : first, the term describes a certain period; second, it defines the educated and conscious type of Turkish music according to set rules.
   - Mystic Music ( or the music of dervish religious retreats ) : In some retreats, which housed various Islamic sects, Turkish music and musical training were important and traditional Turkish music went through great development in these religious retreats.
   Mosque Music :
The various forms of traditional music performed in mosques are called " Mosque Music".

   II- Turkish Folk Music:
   Turkish folk music is a form which may be heard from the Adriatic Sea, throughout the entire Balkans, in Anatolia, in the areas stretching up to the Lena River and the Great Wall of China in the East. It is possible to hear it in all Turkish speaking regions.

Turkish Music

   These examples of music have been created by ballad singers and they do not comply with the established rules of music. These singers create new words.

In this kind of music, theoretical knowledge is absent; it is created by improvisation. Most of the singers sing the ballads of older ministrels set to local their own region.
   although having free meter and rhythm, "uzun hava" has a definite line and its course in this line depends on certain patterns, "Boslak", "maya", "garip",
"kerem", "hoyrat", "divan", "kesik", "yanık", "müstezat", "aydos", "eğin", "Türkmeni", "Kayabaşı", "yüksek hava", "dağbaşı" and "gurbet havası" are different
local airs in this group.
   There are four groups of instruments in Turkish folk music: "tezene" instrument, wind instruments, string instruments, and rhythm instruments.
   The first group of "tezene" instruments consists of the " Divan" and "Meydan Saz"s, the "Cura" ( A kind of lute ) and the "Tanbure";
the "Tar" is an example of the second group.

b- Kinds of Universally Rooted and Polyphonic Music:
In 1826, Sultan Mahmut II attempted to modernise the Turkish Army and organised a band similar to those in western armies.

Chorus

The band became independent of the orchestra in 1933. The society was then given the name "Presidential Philharmonic Orchestra". The name of
this performing body was changed by law in 1958 to the "Presidential Symphony Orchestra".

In 1935, Paul Hindemith came to Turkey and started actively reorganising musical education. The State Conservatory was established in 1936. Today there is a State Conservatory of Music in Izmir and in Ankara. In Istanbul, the State, the Municipal and the Turkish Music State Conservatories along
with various private music schools train the necessary personnel for the orchestra, opera and ballet.
The orchestra and opera houses continue their activities by presenting in part, contemporary Turkish music. Opreras and ballets began to be performed in the 1950s. Cemal Reşit Rey, Alnar Erkin, Koray and Akses are first generation musicians of the Republican era.

Libraries

   Public Libraries which are the source of modern libraries were established in the past. Under the Seljuks and Ottomans, libraries were
established by foundation in cultural centres. The founders of these libraries were mostly statesmen, scientist and various humanitarians.
Besides special building, mosques and "medrese"s were used for this purpose.
   Foundation Libraries in which there were hand written books and books printed in Arabic, gained new form in the Republican era. Some of them were reformed in addition to the newly established ones and began te be open to public service.
   In order to meet the needs of foreign and domestic scientific research institutions for microfilms made from hand-written works in our libraries, a
"Micro film and Photocopy Service" has been formed in the edifice of the same library. This service is also involved in maintaining the Microfilm Archives of the library.